Six Sigma Applied to Warehouse Operation

A project Report on â€Å"DMAIC App to improve Warehouse Operation† Undertaken At xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Warehouse In fulfilment of Capstone Project of Post Graduate Diploma in Industrial Engineering (PGDIE) By Rajul Agarwal (103) Puneet Jain (107) PGDIE- 41 Under the guidance of Dr. K. Maddulety Professor NITIE, Mumbai National Institute of Industrial Engineering, Mumbai-400087 Acknowledgement â€Å"Too often we are so preoccupied with the destination, we forget the guiding light† -anonymousI take this opportunity to extend my sincere thanks to HCCB, India for offering a unique platform to earn exposure and garner knowledge in the field of Warehousing Management. I wish to extend my sincere and heartfelt gratitude to my guide Mr. Sudhakar Nair, Warehouse Manager HCCB who guided, supported and encouraged me during the entire tenure of the project. I sincerely thanks to Dr K. Maddulety, my faculty guide, who has been guiding me throughout the project. 1. Executive SummaryThis p roject illustrates an approach to address the complexities faced by beverage industry by identifying critical supply chain activities which indirectly affect Customer Satisfaction. The solution is based on Six Sigma implementation through DMAIC Approach at these critical nodes. It has been established through various experiments that Customer Loyalty & Retention is very low in such industry; hence the customer satisfaction is directly affected by product unavailability. So the product availability is found to be a major concern here as it directly affects the customers buying decision.It is observed that in this industry, Product availability is majorly affected by the inconsistencies at the warehouse. This project particularly focuses on these warehousing processes which include the transportation of goods from plant to warehouse, then storing goods at warehouse and finally dispatching of goods to the customers. Based on this we have attempted to provide a blue print of possible ad vantages such as improved fill rates and better service levels. An empirical study was conducted at XYZ Beverage Company which produces carbonated soft drinks (CSD) and Non-Carbonated Beverages (NCB).Subsequently, its complete warehousing operation process was understood and DMAIC approach was used to improve the process dynamics. In the measure phase, using Process Capability Analysis it was found that the warehouse process doesn’t follow six sigma levels owing to the high level of damages/defectives and additionally there was a vast scope of improvement. Henceforth, Root cause analysis was done to identify the various causes of damages/defectives. The major causes identified here were lack of standardized operating procedures (SOP), over stacking & overloading.In the implementation phase, an action plan divided Phase wise, is proposed here so as to take into account variability caused by the two shifts in which the warehouse operates. A strict control needs to be followed s o as to maintain six sigma levels, for which p-chart type should be used in combination with proposed Warehouse Operation check list. Table of Contents: Acknowledgement| †¦1 | 1. Executive Summary | †¦2| 2. Literature Review| †¦4| 3. Introduction| †¦4| 4. Process Mapping| †¦5| 5. Define Phase 6. 1 DMAIC project Charter Worksheet 6. 2 CTQ tree 6. Voice of Customer 6. 4 Voice of Business | †¦5†¦5†¦5†¦6†¦6| 6. Measure Phase 7. 5 data to be measured 7. 6 Process sigma calculation 7. 7 Statistical summary of defectives 7. 8 Control chart 7. 9 Process capability analysis| †¦6†¦6†¦7†¦7†¦8†¦9| 7. Analysis Phase 8. 10 Root Cause analysis| †¦9†¦9| 8. Implementation Phase 9. 11 Proposed action plan 9. 12. 1 Dividing process 9. 12. 2 Major Changes Identified| †¦10†¦10†¦10†¦10| 9. Control Phase 10. 12 identifying the controlling elements 10. 13 FMEA 10. 4 SPC charts| †¦11†¦12â € ¦14†¦15| 10. Conclusion | †¦16| 11. References| †¦16| 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 1. DMAIC Approach to Improve the Capability of SMT Solder Printing Process This paper implements the Define-Measure-Analyse-Improve-Control (DMAIC) approach to improve the capability of the solder paste printing process by reducing thickness variations from a nominal value. Process mapping and identifying key QCH are carried out in the â€Å"Define† phase here, while mean (x) and range R control charts followed by the estimates of process capability indices are adopted in the â€Å"Measure† phase.Then, the Taguchi method including L18 orthogonal array (OA), signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for S/N ratio is implemented in the â€Å"Analyse† phase. Taguchi’s two-step optimization is conducted in the â€Å"Improve phase. † Finally, the x and R control charts for solder thickness are used in the â€Å"Control† phase. This pa per was used to understand the DMAIC implementation process methodology followed by any process. The insights obtained were how Process capability analysis was carried out and furthermore how use of control charts be validated. . Applying Six Sigma Techniques in Plastic Injection Moulding Industry This paper presents an approach to implement a six sigma technique to decrease the scrap rate in a plastic injection molding plant. The primary tools used here are SIPOC, MSA, FMEA, P-Control Charts and Hypothesis Testing. In this case study we compare the average scrap rate for the â€Å"Before† study period with the average scrap rate of the â€Å"After† study period. This paper was used to understand the use of p-charts and how they can be applied in processes were defectives are being looked at.The insights obtained were effective use of FMEA and p-charts in such processes. 3. Introduction: HCCB operates a warehouse in Sewri. It caters to South and central Mumbai. It has a capacity of around 2000 Pallets or approximately 3-4 Lacs bottles (includes Recyclable Glass Bottles + pet bottles + can). It has around 35 mini trucks which daily carries around 38 thousand of bottles dispatched from the warehouse and deliver it to the different stockist/Retailers. The warehouse operates in two shifts every afternoon consignment comes from plant to the warehouse which is unloaded there and then stacked.Every morning at a specified place called floor the pallets are arranged inspected and then containers are loaded to the mini trucks which deliver it to the stockists/retailers. 4. Process Mapping: When a truck containing pallets of soft drinks is loaded at the plant it is fully inspected and then move towards the Warehouse * Once it is reached to the Warehouse, forklifts unload the pallets and then arrange it in the warehouse * FIFO is followed for outflow of goods Now the pallets are arranged at a floor where all the pallets are inspected * Simultaneously with in spection carriers (small trucks) keep on arranging inside the warehouse * During inspection if any damage is found then it is replaced by the same fresh item * After inspection the containers are loaded (Manually) to the carriers * While loading some bottles gets damaged that is also replaced by the fresh one and a count is kept for damaged goods * Once the loading is done the carriers move towards their destiny i. e. either to Stockist/retailers 5. Define Phase: 4. 1 DMAIC project charter worksheetDMAIC Project Charter Worksheet| Project Title: To reduce the damages& improve the productivity of warehousing process| Project Guide:Prof. Madhu Letty,MrSudhakar Nair| Team Members: Rajul Agrawal, Puneet Jain| Business Case: Reduce the cost of warehousing & last mile delivery| Problem Statement: The task is to identifythe sigma level of warehousing process including last mile delivery as a single processand then analyse the process and find the scope of improvement| Goal Statement:To imp rove the warehousing process & reduce damages| 4. 2 CTQ Tree: Reduce damages Men Machine Method * Proper Training Learning Curve * Commitment * Proper Maintenance * Proper Stacking * Use of Rodent boxes * Inspection 4. 3 Voice of Customer: Here the customers are stockists/retailers to whom the goods are delivered. The Voice of Customer (VOC) is used to describe customer’s needs and their perceptions of product or service. The customer requirements from process and product are: * No damage/deformed item should reach to customer * If any damage is found then on the spot replacement * Customers don’t want to keep the track of damaged items which needs to be replaced next time when delivery van will come 4. Voice of Business: VOB is something which is critical from the perspective of stakeholders (WHse managers, Operators, All sorts of employees etc. ) in the business. * Improve profitability * Reduce cost * Least damages * Improve fill rate * Improve customer satisfaction 6. Measure Phase: 5. 1 Data to be measured: The following table shows the defective items noted in the month of October- November. From this data we calculated the defective proportion & defects per million opportunities. Defective Items| Total Items loaded| Defective proportion| DPMO| 145| 392732| 0. 000369209| 369. 2087| 55| 392700| 0. 000394703| 394. 7033| 132| 378243| 0. 000348982| 348. 982| 159| 332345| 0. 000478419| 478. 4185| 165| 402389| 0. 000410051| 410. 051| 145| 345673| 0. 000419472| 419. 4716| 123| 326789| 0. 00037639| 376. 3897| 190| 389023| 0. 000488403| 488. 403| 120| 334565| 0. 000358675| 358. 6747| 110| 324123| 0. 000339377| 339. 3773| 121| 306543| 0. 000394724| 394. 7244| 156| 402489| 0. 000387588| 387. 5882| 212| 437698| 0. 000484352| 484. 3522| 138| 290873| 0. 000474434| 474. 4339| 112| 238945| 0. 000468727| 468. 7271| 119| 367545| 0. 00032377| 323. 7699| 129| 263421| 0. 00048971| 489. 7104| 56| 463752| 0. 000336387| 336. 3867| 145| 375643| 0. 000386005| 386. 0 048| 123| 342356| 0. 000359275| 359. 2751| 90| 289532| 0. 000310846| 310. 8465| 225| 462163| 0. 000486841| 486. 8412| 121| 284532| 0. 00042526| 425. 2597| 175| 404512| 0. 00043262| 432. 62| 180| 403212| 0. 000446415| 446. 4153| 127| 329261| 0. 000385712| 385. 7122| 212| 431962| 0. 000490784| 490. 7839| 132| 337961| 0. 000390578| 390. 5776| 198| 326781| 0. 00060591| 605. 9104| 109| 392861| 0. 000277452| 277. 4518| 5. 2 Process Sigma Calculation: Average no. of items loaded each day = 360418 Average no. of defective items per day = 148Average defective proportion = 0. 000411328 Average DPMO = 411 Value of Sigma = 4. 9 Since the process sigma is 4. 9 which is less than 6. Now the next task is to analyse the process to find the scope of improvement. 5. 3 Statistical summary of â€Å"No. of defective items observed at various days† Observations: * Since P-value >0. 05 so the data passes the normality test * From the histogram it is visible that frequency distribution of defective data can be approximated to normal distribution * Since the data can be approximated as normally distributed we can apply process capability and SPC analysis . 4 Control Chart: Here in this case when the goods are inspected either they will be accepted to be shipped or simply discarded. So here we are not concerned with the no. of defects but concerned with the non-conformances (defectives). So the P-chart has been selected for SPC analysis:- Observations: * The above P-chart shows that all the observations lie inside the natural control limits. * It can be said that the process is under statistical control. * Since the process is under statistical control we can check for its capability. 7. Process Capability Analysis using MINITAB 15: * The desire is to minimise the damages to nil so the target valueis set to be zero. Observations: * Process sigma = 3. 34 * PPM Def = 410 which is lesser than 3. 4 ppm 7. Analysis Phase: 6. 1 Root Cause Analysis: 6 Implementation Phase: 7. 1 Propose d Action Plan: 7. 1. 1 Dividing the whole process of warehousing to deliver goods to the stockist/retailers into 4 stages: The process is divided into 4 stages on the basis of people& machines involved. In stage 1 goods are transported to the warehouse by one set of people (3 PL).Since warehouse operates in 2 shifts so when the trucks come from plant to warehouse that is unloaded by different set of people & in stage 3 â€Å"stacking at floor+ inspection + loading containers to carriers† are done by different set of people (working in 2nd shift). In stage 4 the goods transported from warehouse to stockists/retailers by different set of people and different carriers are involved. The purpose of dividing the whole process into 4 stages is to get more specific causes stage by stage and to get more insights.Since the different people and machines are involved in each stage so some specific plans may be put in place to reduce the damages. The following table shows the different ca uses and actions: Stage| Causes| Action Plan| 1| * In-Transit Damages * Bad Road Conditions * Mishandling by the operators| * Since in stage 1 the transportation is done by the 3PL so while selecting 3PL service provider company can bring some clauses in the agreement related to minimum breakage acceptable * Operators can be nstructed to follow the best route * Maintenance of carriers periodically after a specified time| 2| * Jerk in forklift * Over stacking * Improper training * Mishandling by the operators| * Establish SOP for the forklifts operation * Periodic maintenance of forklifts * Company currently uses diesel run forklifts that can be replaced by battery operated forkliftswhich require less maintenance * Provide incentives to the operators for achieving a certain level of damage free work * Provide ergonomically fithandles to the containers * Pet bottle packets as shown below gets unwrapped sometimes that needs proper packaging * Above kind of packaging can be either repla ced by carton (but that would not be a cost effective solution) or same packaging can be improved | 3| * Improper operation/jerk in forklift * Improper inspection * Mishandling | * Try not to rotate the people involved in inspection so that their learning curve makes them more efficient in that particular task * Provide incentive to the employees * Encourage employees | 4| * Overloading * Improper truck operation| * Avoid overloading * Proper training to the truck operators * Hire experienced operators * Provide incentives| | Environmental Causes * Rat Bite| * Especially tetra packed drinks are attacked by Rats * Use Rodent boxes to kill the rats * Daily check the rodent boxes & clean it if needed| 7. 1. 2 Major changes which can be brought in future to improve the overall process * SOP for forklift operations * Proper maintenance of forklifts and Trucks * Use of battery operated forklifts * Avoid overloading * Avoid over stacking 7 Control Phase: 8. 1 Identifying the Controlling El ements:The Critical-To-Quality Elements needs a proper control and inspection and hence the following Steps can be taken for the same: 1. Fork Lift Inspection Check Sheet: 2. Training Check List/ Regular Knowledge Tests 3. Rodent/ Insects Check List 4. Better Stacking Procedures a. Increasing the strength of the pallets from by increasing the cross pieces by 8 from 5 for the same 5cm x 10cm boards. b. In case of need to over stack during peak demand, we can keep the crates at a cross position so that the load gets distributed 8. 2 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA): Use of FMEA tool for better analysis of damage reasons will help establishing a better control procedure. FMEA Flow Diagram 8. 3 Use Statistical Process Control (SPC) Charts:The case here is for graphing defectives for a varying sub group set. Hence use of p-chart should be used for continuous control. It will check when the variation is natural and when it needs correction. The following excel template can be used where directly data can be entered and the resulting p-chart will be generated. Excel template for Formulating p-chart 9. ESTIMATED BENEFITS OF PROJECT The biggest benefit of the project is in terms of reducing the risk of product unavailability downstream. The probability of defects can be drastically decreased and remain in specification limits. * 4-Stage Implementation phase for reducing defectives * Increased Sigma Levels approaching six sigma standards Increased Customer satisfaction and Product availability * Laid down Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for better warehouse operations control 10. CONCLUSION The reasons for the excessive defects are found. Over-stacking, Over-Loading & improper forklift operation were found out to be prime reasons using Cause and Effect Diagram. These were considered the CTQ’s for the warehousing operation. Project benefits were estimated and it is found that this improvement can bring the improvement in fill rate. 11. REFERENCES: * ww w. dmaictools. com * www. sixsigmatutorial. com * www. sixsigma. in * Six Sigma Way ? Team Field book by Peter S. Pande, Robert P. Neuman and Roland R. Cavanagh * Six Sigma for managers by Greg Brue

Directing the movie called Essay

My name is Ahsan Mojumder . I am directing the movie called â€Å"Romeo Juliet†. My movie is basically written based on William Shakespeare’s mind blowing Romeo and Juliet. As a modern director I think Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is old fashioned. The language, communication system, characters everything has changed according to new era, as a director I am thinking why should the story line up remain the same. We can use the themes from Romeo and Juliet. Under these circumstances decided to make it contemporary upgraded version of Romeo and Juliet brief description of my upgraded story of immortal love is given below: Characters Romeo: 19 years old Vincent: Romeo’s father Mrs. Vincent: Romeo’s mother Juliet: 18 years old Bill: Juliet’s father Mrs. Bill: Juliet’s mother Morcutio: Juliet’s brother and Romeo’s best friend. Britney: Juliet’s friend Charle: Britney’s Father Mrs. Charle: Britney’s mother The story is about a couple of lover, who wanted to get together but the social status was not letting it happen. Vincent is rich merchant. He has massive business. Andrew is his one and only son. Andrew is a university student. He is studying in Computing and business. Morcutio is his best friend in university. Morcutio’s dad Bill is a clerk in an office. Mr. Vincent loves his son and daughter like every dad in this world. But his son and daughter are far away for him because he is always busy in his Business. That’s why he can’t give them enough time. Romeo loves Juliet . Who is his best friend Morcutios’s sister. That’s how they know each other. Both of the families don’t know anything about the relationship between them. But Juliet’s mother starts to understand it nowadays. As days passing by love is becoming more and more dense. They are having a good time. But suddenly something start to happen in their life. Romeo’s mum and dad arranged their son’s marriage with their friend Charle’s daughter named Britney. Romeo and Juliet become resourceless. They can’t think about what to do. Should they run away from the society or they should sucide? They decided to ask Morcutio’s to help them. Morcutio talked with his parents but they said if Romeo’s family agree they haven’t got any problem about this relationship. Now it’s Romeo’s turn to ask his parents. But he hasn’t got enough influence to talk to them. For Juliet sake he decided to tell them the truth. Romeo’s parents said no way because of her dad. Juliet talked with Britney to give them few more times. Britney said she would try her best. Britney did know that they love each other but she can’t help it. Because this is her parent and Romeo’s parents wish. If they said something they said†¦. which can’t be changed. That’s why Britney doesn’t want to talk to them. Juliet’s family is keep saying about the social difference economically. Andrew and Juliet are sitting together on Juliet’s home balcony. They are thinking how to stop this marriage and how to get together. They have decided they will leave this unscrupulous unverified society. They made a plan and went away from them. Their parents informed the police. But police says that they can’t do anything in this case. Because they are young enough to make their own decisions. They gave the same statement to Police. They got married and lived happily ever after†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ From the story I am going to direct the balcony scene where they decided to split up from their families. Each of the character has developed in my story rather than Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. Settings: Location: A simple balcony. Shouldn’t be luxurious to make a difference between Romeo’s home balcony. Than the audience can feel the social difference between two communities. Dress up: contemporary dresses and suits. Background music: Romantic. They both are sitting on chair and facing each other. They are discussing what to do. The script has been attached below- Romeo: â€Å"I decide we are going to go far away from here. We will go somewhere else where nobody will try to split us. We will start a new life together. Do you agree with me love? † Juliet: â€Å"Whatever you say my Romeo. I gave you my heart, my soul, my mind and now you are asking for my opinion! I agree with you my Romeo. † Romeo: â€Å"You have saved me. If you would say no, I would suicide my love. † Juliet: â€Å"Never ever say that what you have just said. You can’t die without me. If you have to tell me I would like to die with you. † Romeo: (Holding her hands as they dance): â€Å"I love holding your hands; may I kiss it? † Juliet: (amused, cautious): â€Å"You are being a little too bold in wanting to kiss me. If you are really a pilgrim, you should greet me only with your hand, as ‘palmers’ do. † Romeo: â€Å"Hey, even holy pilgrim are human, they have got lips. Please let me kiss you. Stand still while I kiss you. † (He kisses her lips) Juliet: (Thrilled and amused at the same time): â€Å"you don’t really need all this artificial argumentation to justify kissing me, you know. Let’s get serious. † As I said my story is a contemporary and upgraded version of William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† I used regular pattern of English as script. William Shakespeare â€Å"Romeo and Juliet was written in 1595. Actually Romeo and Juliet was written as a play . The story is of course about a pair of star crossed lovers. Two teenagers pursue their love for each other despite the fact that their families have been at odds with each other for decades. In Verona (Italy) in the late 1500’s two powerful families the Montague and the Capulet have been feuding with each other for years. But two people from two different communities get together and falled in love. When they realised they are resource less about their love and life they choose a different way to get together. But for a bit misunderstanding they lead their life to death. The script used for Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet was basically in a special kind of poetic device called â€Å"Sonnet†. Which was also invented by great William Shakespeare. The main characteristics of this poetic device are- 1. 16 lines 2. Fixed rhymes pattern Italian cities were infamous for their long lasting deadly feuds between prominent families. Think the play was written as a part of his contribution with others to say â€Å"no† against such conflicts. The greatest theme in Romeo and Juliet is Love. As I said it’s a contemporary version of Romeo and Juliet so I tried my best to keep the vital theme of the play. But in this modern society everything has been changing rather than Shakespeare’s era. Such a fact like communication system could change the theme in Romeo and Juliet. I think if Internet would available on that time they might alive until they meet each other. So I have to change the theme slightly as a modern director of Romeo and Juliet. And I also have changed the characters line up in order to give you something different. I haven’t involved any violence in my story because nowadays violence is not a rear, so people don’t want to see any violence between love and lovers. I mentioned earlier about use of language in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. As you have seen my script, which is written in regular pattern of English, so people can understand it easily and also the people of other countries can enjoy the movie. Ahsan Mojumder English Assignment #4 Name: Ahsan Mojumder Lecturer: Diana May.

Little Red Riding Hood Essay

One of the funniest of all games played by Freudian literary critics is that of finding sex symbols in old fairy tales. It is a very easy game to play. Freud is said to have once remarked that a cigar sometimes is just a cigar, but psychoanalysts who write about fairy tales seem incapable of seeing them as just fantasies intended to entertain, instruct, and at times frighten young children. Bruno Bettelheim’s analysis of Little Red Riding Hood (LRRH), in his book The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales (1976) is a prime example of Freudian symbol searching. But first, a brief history of this famous fable. The story began as a folk tale that European mothers and nurses told to young children. The fable, in its many variants, came to the attention of Charles Perrault (1628-1703), a French attorney turned poet, writer, and anthologist. He published one version in a 1697 collection of fairy tales-a book that became a French juvenile classic. Perrault opens his story â€Å"Le Petit Chaperon Rouge† (Little Red Cape) by telling about a pretty village girl who is called Little Red Riding Hood because she loves to wear a red cape and hood given to her by her grandmother. Her mother hands her some biscuits and butter to take to the sick grandmother in a nearby village. Walking through a wood, LRRH encounters a friendly wolf who asks where she is going. After she tells him, the wolf says he’ll go there too, but by a different route and they’ll see who gets there first. The wolf arrives ahead of the girl, devours the grandmother, then crawls into bed. When LRRH shows up he simulates the grandmother’s voice, telling her to put the biscuits and butter aside and climb in bed. LRRJ undresses and does as she is told. A famous dialog follows: â€Å"What great arms you have, grandma! The better to embrace you, my child. ‘What great legs you have! The better to run with, my child. What great ears! The better to hear with. What great eyes! The better to see with. What great teeth! The better to eat you with. † The wolf then gobbles up LRRH and the story ends! I have been told, though I strongly doubt it, that French children find this ending amusing, and are not in the least disturbed by it. Andrew Lang, who reprinted Perrault’s version in his Blue Fairy Book, severely criticizes Perrault for choosing a version with such a gruesome ending. When the German brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm later published in 1812 their collection of more than 200 traditional fairy tales, many taken from Perrault, they gave the story a less grim ending. In their version (you’ll find it in the Modern Library’s Tales of Grimm and Andersen), LRRH’s mother gives her cake and a bottle of wine to take to the ailing grandmother. LRRH is not afraid of the wolf when she meets him in the forest. He persuades her to pick some flowers to rake to her grandmother. While she is doing this (disobeying her mother who told her not to dawdle) the wolf hastens to the grandmother’s house, finds the door unlocked, enters, and promptly eats the grandmother. When LRRH arrives she is surprised to find the door open. She thinks it is her grandmother in bed because the wolf has pulled a nightcap over his face, and sheets over his body. LRRH stands beside the bed while the familiar dialog occurs about the wolf’s body parts. The wolf then springs out of bed and eats LRRH. He now goes back to bed and falls asleep. A passing hunter hears the wolf’s loud snores. He goes inside to investigate and is about to shoot the wolf until he realizes it may have eaten the grandmother. So he pulls out a knife and cuts open the wolf’s belly. Both LRRH and the grandmother emerge as unharmed as Jonah when he was vomited out of the whale’s belly. LRRH brings some big stones into the house to put inside the wolf, who is still asleep. When he awakes and tries to get away, the heavy stones drag him down and he drops dead. The hunter skins the wolf and takes the skin home. The grandmother can hardly breathe, but she feels much better after eating the cake and drinking some wine. LRRH says to herself, â€Å"I will never again wander off into the forest as long as I live, when my mother forbids it. † The tale is short and simple. Its obvious moral is that children should obey their mothers when they walk through dangerous areas, and to beware of seemingly friendly strangers. I suppose it is the linking of LRRH’s beauty and innocence with her grisly experience that has led to her capturing the hearts of so many adults everywhere, especially in Germany, France, Sweden, and England. â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood was my first love,† declared Charles Dickens. I felt that if I could have married Little Red Riding Hood, I should have known perfect bliss. † Bruno Bettelheim devotes eighteen pages of his book on fairy tales to LRRH. [1] In his eyes the girl is not as innocent as she seems. She is at the nymphet stage when her premature â€Å"budding sexuality† is creating deep unconscious conflicts between her id (animal nature) and her superego (conscience), as well as between her allegiance to what Freud called the â€Å"pleasure principle† and the â€Å"reality principle. † Unconsciously, she wants to be seduced by her father. The wolf’s eating her represents that seduction. The red color of LRRH’s hood, according to Bettelheim, symbolizes her unconscious sexual desires. He sees the gift of the hood by the grandmother as representing a transfer of sexual attractiveness from an old sick woman to a young healthy girl. The grandmother is a symbol of the little girl’s mother. When the wolf ears the grandmother it represents the little girl’s wish to get rid of her mother so she can have her father all to herself. In Grimm’s version, Bettelheim sees the hunter as another father symbol. When he cuts open the wolf’s belly it indicates â€Å"the idea of pregnancy and birth,† thus coming â€Å"too close for comfort in suggesting a father in a sexual activity connected with his daughter. † Bettelheim, of course, is not the only Freudian to read dark sexual meanings into the story. Psychoanalyst Erich Fromm, in The Forgotten Language: An Introduction to the Understanding of Dreams, Fairy Tales, and Myths (1951) is also convinced that LRRH is experiencing unconscious sexual impulses and really wants to be seduced by the wolf. The red cape symbolizes her menstrual blood as she enters womanhood. When the mother warns her not to leave the path or she might fall and break the wine bottle, it represents the mother’s fear that her daughter might lose her virginity by breaking her maidenhead. â€Å"The male is portrayed as a ruthless and cunning animal,† Fromm writes. The sexual act becomes a â€Å"cannibalistic act in which the male devours the female. † Fromm sees this as an expression of a deep antagonism toward men by frigid females who do not enjoy sex. The male wolf is â€Å"made ridiculous† by showing â€Å"that he attempted to play the role of a pregnant woman, having living beings in his belly. The stones that LRRH puts in the wolf’s stomach are â€Å"symbols of sterility† that cause him to collapse and die. The stones â€Å"mock his usurpation of the pregnant woman’s role. â€Å" â€Å"The story,† Fromm concludes, â€Å"speaks of the male-female conflict; it is a story of triumph by man-hating women, ending with their victory, exactly the opposite of the Oedipus myth, which lets the male emerge victorious from this battle. † Jack Zipes, who teaches German at the University of Minnesota, is the author of The Brothers Grimm (1986), a two-volume edition of Grimm’s stories, a collection of French folk tales, and other books on folklore. One of his books is titled The Trials and Tribulations of Little Red Riding Hood (1983, updated in 1993). The book is a marvelous scholarly history of the LRRH fable and its many versions and interpretations. Zipes covers all the oral variations that preceded Perrault, as well as the many retellings by writers from the Grimm brothers to 1993. Some of the oral tales are even more morbid than Perrault’s version. In several versions the Wolf slices up the grandmother and pours her blood into a bottle. LRRH then eats and drinks what she thinks is meat and wine before the wolf eats her. In other versions LRRH escapes by telling the wolf she has to go outside to relieve herself. Thirty-eight variations of the tale are reprinted in Zipes’s anthology, along with a raft of illustrations from books and advertisements. At the back of the book he lists 147 published versions of the story, including retellings by Walter de la Mare and James Thurber, as well as comic parodies, poems, plays, recordings, musicals, and films. His bibliography of critical references runs to 153 items!

Love in Hamlet, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall, and 'We Real Cool' Essay

Love in Hamlet, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall, and 'We Real Cool' - Essay Example By contrast, in our times, even with the repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell, and of marriage equality in New York and other states, the love portrayed in literature often follows the so-called 'traditional' set-up of a man and a woman. There are also other ways in which literary portrayals of love have changed over time – for example, Shakespeare's works glorify love but modern works sometimes downplay its role in our lives. What does this signify? The different portrayals of love in the following three texts can, at least in part, be attributed to the time of their writing: Hamlet, in 1600, reflects a world in which love was idealized but often not really part of reality. Marriages were arranged according to property ownership and convenience – and what could be more convenient than the late king's brother taking over his role, wife included? The Jilting of Granny Weatherall, written by Katherine Anne Porter in 1930, presents love as important but not a driving force. Gran ny's stream-of-consciousness returns repeatedly to her being left at the altar, but also to her own strength as a successful single mother at the beginning of the twentieth century. Ultimately, though, her lost love pales in significance when compared to her 'jilting' from God. Finally, in 1960, Brooks' poem â€Å"We Real Cool† shows love as a reticent issue, masked by more important, wilder behaviour. This leads one to ask: now, fifty years after â€Å"We Real Cool†, what role does love play in modern literature, and is it as reflective of our reality as Hamlet, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall, and â€Å"We Real Cool† were in their times? ... s love play in modern literature, and is it as reflective of our reality as Hamlet, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall, and â€Å"We Real Cool† were in their times? This paper will look at the relationships of these texts in terms of language and context to show that love is an evolving force in literature. Love in Hamlet, like every other theme in the play, is a multifaceted and complex presence: Hamlet's adoration of his mother, tempered by vicious disgust, has been interpreted as his â€Å"sexual desire† for her, stimulated by â€Å"his sense of his mother's guilt† (Jardine, 38); his relationship with Ophelia is also one of destructive love, and his words to her oscillate wildly between kindness and hatred (â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery, go!† Shakespeare, III.i). Some critics have argued that Hamlet's perception of his mother as weak - â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman!† (Shakespeare, I.ii) – influences how he sees Ophelia. Hamlet's relationshi p with Ophelia is clouded not just by his misogyny, but by his complete self-absorption: his melancholy takes precedence over her love for him, causing him to be cruel and sending Ophelia into a madness fueled by the loss of her father and her partner. However, the older couple in the play, Gertrude and Claudius, appears to be a genuinely happy one, if the reader examines the text closely and refuses to take Hamlet's interpretation of their marriage as read. Claudius is an effective king who deals diplomatically with events ranging in scale from the military threat from Norway to Hamlet's depression (Shakespeare, I.ii); Gertrude is a caring mother who independently invites her son's friends to Elsinore to alleviate his sorrow (II.ii); together they are a passionate couple who, in Hamlet's own words, spend time â€Å"honeying and making

International Reporting Financial System(IRFS) vs GAAP Essay

International Reporting Financial System(IRFS) vs GAAP - Essay Example Although there are similarities between the two, their differences are major and will affect greatly the entities affected by the conversion. In terms of the general, underlying principles and accounting for commonly – occurring transactions, the two principles are actually more similar than different. Despite these similarities, however, the approaches taken by the two principles are different (i.e., IFRS is principle-based while the U. S. GAAP is rule-based). In addition, major differences are also found in their accounting treatments for significant accounts and complex transactions. This article aims to compare and to contrast the U. S. GAAP and the IFRS. It takes into account the similarities and differences between these two accounting principles. It utilizes materials from various accounting firms and accounting standards board in its comparison. As this topic is so diverse (some publications comparing the two principles have over one hundred pages), only a basic comparison will be done in this article. The 2006 Memorandum of Understanding or MOU (as updated in 2008) issued by the FASB and the IASB have set the path towards the convergence of U. S. GAAP and the IFRS. The MOU affirmed the two Board’s commitment to â€Å"developing common, high quality standards† (FASB, 2009). The ongoing efforts to converge the U. S. GAAP with IFRS have raised a lot of concerns and a lot of questions as to how different or similar the two sets of accounting principles are. The following briefly compares the two principles and outlines their similarities and differences. Despite their differences, the â€Å"general principles, conceptual framework and accounting results† (Ernst & Young, 2009) between these two principles are basically the same or similar. In fact, according to Ernst & Young (2009), the accounting treatment for transactions that commonly occur in companies is the same under both principles. The basic difference of these two principles is their general

Heavy Smoking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Heavy Smoking - Assignment Example This chronic condition makes breathing complicated to the victims or the patients. The forms of COPD can involve either lasting coughing with mucus or damage of the lungs over a given period. Exposure to air pollution and stuffy places like bars and bus stations, especially by the older people, for long hours or years can increase the prevalence of the disease in the body. Although the disease can be diagnosed and preventable by qualified doctors, the causes, prognosis, consequential requirements and social life of the victims might be at risks if not avoided at initial stages. Exposure to harmful fumes Mr. L, a bartender, suffers from the condition because he has been exposed to this situation for 40 years. Firstly, despite Mr. L being a heavy smoker, he also works in a bar where patrons smoke at all the times exposing his health to even greater healthy risks. At age 55, the lungs cannot fight the chronic damage caused through engulfing of the respiratory organs. This is further inf luenced by the air pollution created at the bus terminus by the city buses that he commutes in on a daily basis. The difficulty experienced when he walked past the three blocks is because he used respiratory gases at high rates of breathing, which caused the dilapidated walls of the lung to become narrow. This makes the situation challenging to Mr. L to access enough energy that can enable him walk on the dusty blocks. This, therefore, results from the excess unpurified air that he inhales from the bus terminus through to the dusty blocks and finally the smoke particles consumed from the cigarettes. The combination of the different unpurified gases accumulate in the lungs causing difficulty in breathing and insufficient supply of energy and gases to the heart, which leads to fatigue prompting him to rest (Falvo, 2009). Causes, incidence, and risk factors Smoking is the primary cause of COPD to Mr. L. The further the individual smoked, the more he developed COPD. However, some indivi duals smoke for years and never acquire COPD. In exceptional cases, nonsmokers who are exposed to smoking conditions and lack a protein called alpha-1 antitrypsin can also acquire the disease. Additionally, contact to certain combination of gases or fumes in the workplace such as bars and industrial places are risky. Exposure to grave amounts of secondhand smoke and toxic waste also increased the disease. Lastly, recurrent use of cooking fire with no appropriate ventilation makes the gases to cover the room, which the cook will inhale while in that kitchen (Falvo, 2009). Signs and Symptoms COPD condition is indicated by constant cough, with or without mucus, fatigue (that occasioned Mr. L to rest near the three blocks), multiple respiratory illnesses, and shortness of breath (dyspnea) that gets terrible with mild activity or difficulty catching one's gulp of air and panting. The symptoms of COPD develop gradually; some people might not recognize that they are sick. Expectations (pro gnosis) COPD is a lasting (chronic) illness. The infection will get dreadful more rapidly if one does not quit smoking. Victims with severe COPD may be short of breath with nearly all activities and might be hospitalized more regularly. These patients ought to consult qualified doctors about breathing equipment and end-of-life care (Falvo, 2009). Treatment In order for Mr. L to remain in his career, he should adopt preventive measures such as persons with COPD have to stop smoking. This is the finest way to slow down the lung destruction. However, medication alternatives can also be applied to treat COPD, for instance, use of inhalers (bronchodilators) to unlock the airways, such as ipratropium (Atrovent) and albuterol. The patient can also

Is Multiculturalism consistent with liberalism Essay

Is Multiculturalism consistent with liberalism - Essay Example One of the basic questions related with multiculturalism and liberalism has been whether the former is consistent with the latter. As Brian Barry assumes, multiculturalism, or the ‘politics of difference’, makes the basic claim that â€Å"the self-image of liberalism as a tolerant and open creed is inaccurate. In fact, it is said, liberalism imposes a false universality that discriminates against minorities of all kinds.† (Barry 1997, P 3). In a reflective exploration of whether multiculturalism is consistent with liberalism, it becomes evident that these socio-political philosophies are not consistent with each other, mainly because both the philosophies are rooted in different ideologies. Analyzing the relationship between multiculturalism and liberalism, one recognizes that the roots of both these philosophies are in different concepts. Essentially, liberalism is the popular political philosophy in the modern world and it is understood in many different ways su ch as a weak form of social democracy, a political position favorable to markets, etc. According to Brian Barry, â€Å"liberalism stands for individualism (versus communalism), equality (as against any notion of natural or divinely-appointed hierarchy), and moral universalism (as against moral particularism).

Are terrorists ideologically driven Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Are terrorists ideologically driven - Essay Example Though their tactics may be similar, the objectives and targets are very different. This discussion will explain the reasoning for terrorism using Al-Qaeda and the IRA as models for the ‘new’ and ‘old’ types of terrorism and illustrates the differences. It will also delve into the psyche of the terrorist so as to gain a better understanding of why an otherwise rational individual would offer themselves as a martyr for an ideological cause. According to U.S. President George Bush, the Islamic terrorists ‘hate us because of our freedoms.’ This, of course, is faulty, simplistic reasoning much the same as the logic he used to promote his ‘Global War on Terrorism’ which has served only to increase terrorist attacks. The U.S. approach to terrorism is examined and explains how the Bush administration policies and actions have encouraged a worsening of what was previously an unacceptable global situation. Most terrorists feel that they are doing nothing wrong when they kill and injure people, or damage property. Most seem to share a feature of a psychological condition known as anti-social personality disorder or psychopathic personality disorder, which is an absence of empathy for the suffering of others – they don’t feel other people’s pain. However, they do not appear unstable or mentally ill. Someone who is mentally ill may want to commit an act of terror, but as most terrorism requires cooperating with others, this makes it less likely that a mentally ill person will actually carry out such an act because of the difficulty they have in working with others. Terror groups usually dislike or distrust those who wish to join them, who appear to be unstable. â€Å"It is very rare to find a terrorist who suffers from a clinically defined ‘personality disorder’ or who could in any other way be regarded as mentally ill or psychologically deviant† (Silke, 1998). It is

How the phonograph transformed the arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How the phonograph transformed the arts - Essay Example The phonograph changed music from being a group experience to a personal thing since listening to music by some musicians was available on demand.   The phonograph allowed the recording of music that gave room for analysis of music. The development helped people to copy songs and listen to them again and again (Bearman, 2013). Although some quarters believed the development was a cultural disaster, the truth is that many people could listen to different types of music than they could have at any other time. There was also an impact on the musicians for they were compelled to think in a different way concerning how they wrote songs. Over the years, artists and professionals from different fields have subverted, abused and transformed the phonograph. Some of the notable public figures and institutions that have subverted the use of phonograph include Christian Ernest Marclay, Laurie Anderson, and NASA (the Voyager Golden Record). The irony behind the invention of phonograph history is that the device was not made with the intention of being used for music. Edison planned to use the cylinder as a device for business communication that could substitute the expensive use of stenography. The cylinder was also targeted at preserving in eternity the voices of people who had died (Kenney, 2003). Christian Ernest Marclay got an interest in record manipulation when he discovered a Batman record in a street. The interest was engaged when he listened to the pops, clicks and loops that came out of the record (Horwatt, 2013). At the point of the downfall of the phonograph as a medium of music, Marclay discovered a disposable material that could be used. Marclay’s interest in the performance of rock compelled him to move to the direction of the phonograph itself as an instrument of music. His experiments with the phonograph happened at a crucial time in the history of the technology since hip hop led to the Renaissance of the turntable into an

Testing anti-bacterial agents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Testing anti-bacterial agents - Essay Example Firstly, the infected cell may be exposed to different types of quinolone antibacterial. Secondly, McCoy cell monolayers should inoculate with 103 (IFU) OF C. trachomatis then incubated with or without ofloxacin. Result: The main results of testing anti-bacterial agents will show in this paragraph. The effects of four types of antibacterial (Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Enoxacin, and Norfloxacin) in McCoy cell are different. The results may refer to the different abilities for each antibacterial to penetrate the eukaryotic cell. Moreover, the infected cell may not increase the time of incubation after the removal of anti-bacterial agents creating a little different between MIC and MLC for each antibacterial agent. On the other hand, Ofloxacin antibacterial agent may act contrary to some enzymes that are important for the survival of non-replicating intracellular chlamydia. As such, Ofloxacin has a responsibility of treating the determined and calm infection. Conclusion: This study deriv es and presents four important points. Firstly, quinolone antibacterial agent acts quickly against chlamydia. Secondly, Ofloxacin considers suitable antimicrobial agent against chlamydia infection. Thirdly, humans can achieve and maintain 1mg/l of Ofloxacin in serum. Therefore, the clinical experiment against chlamydia infection will be of interest. Finally, Ofloxacin may give us a tool to show the importance of DNA metabolism in non-replicating intracellular chlamydia organized by topoisomerases.

Best Buy Case Study Essay Example for Free

Best Buy Case Study Essay After acquiring a stake in Five Star, a retailer of appliances and electronics in China, Best Buy’s VP John Noble is responsible for launching a dual brand strategy to China as he did in Canada back in 2002. The plan was to open three stores in less than two years in China while Five Star was planning on opening 25 additional stores. Entering China would prove to be much more difficult than neighboring Canada as a country with 1. 3 billion consumers which is a lot of people to please. China was chosen as the second international expansion market primarily due to the overall market opportunity, consumer fundamentals and macro-economic factors (Ivey, 2006). † In addition to the Chinese being very frugal, there was also the issue of the concept of credit, or lack there of in China. About four percent of households in China used credit cards, compared to 75 percent in the United States (Ivey, 2006). Best Buy quickly realized that branding in China was not what really attracted the consumers (Ivey, 2006). Best Buy Inc Best Buy had been interested in entering China since the 1990’s. By that time, China had been hosting many of the United States and Europe as far as different manufacturing products. The option of dual branding was what Best Buy was thinking in order to essentially join forces with Chinas retailer of electronics and appliances, Five Star. By coming together, Best Buy in United States thought that the two companies would be even stronger as one. This sort of dual branding worked very well in Canada and presumably would have the same success in China. Competitors Some of the main competitors of Best Buy are Wal-mart and Costco. The competitors were constantly increasing their CE retail market and in particular they increased the products that were less complex therefore easier to sell. Internet shopping and distributors such as Amazon or sites like that are another example of a competitor in the CE market. Also, home improvement stores such as Home Depot and Lowe’s were also venturing into unknown territory which was competition for Best Buy. â€Å"Lines were blurring as retailers of all kinds were widening their product assortments in pursuit of revenues and margins (Ivey, 2006). † Dual branding in Canada seemed like logical step in that Best Buy and Canada’s Future Shop, the main CE retailer there could join together and become stronger with all of the competition coming about (Ivey, 2006). Dual Branding Canada Canada was paid $363. 95 million dollars to acquire Future Shop. Among several reason why the dual branding took place, the number one reason and most important was that Future Shop was an established brand â€Å"with over 95 percent unaided brand awareness among Canadians (Ivey, 2006). † Though dual branding seemed like a great idea there were also some downsides. Cannibalization was the main problem of course due to the products of Future Store eating the profits of Best Buy and vice versa. There was also the immanent issue that the consumer would not know which brand was which. Despite these issues, by the first year of operations the dual branding strategy seemed to be working and cannibalization seemed minimal. It seemed only natural to give it a try in China (Ivey, 2006). Dual Branding China â€Å"China was chosen as the second international expansion market primarily due to the overall market opportunity, consumer fundamentals and macro-economic factors (Ivey, 2006). However the Chinese consumer was different than that of the United States or Canada. Also, consumers were not really concerned with branding as much as they were messages relating to functional features. Therefore, the preference of brand did not really translate into revenue. There was also the issue of land acquisition as there were often delays which would force a store to take up to 6 months to even open its doors. The Chinese also preferred to deal with people they knew and had previous relationships with so pricing had to be up to par due to the consumer not providing much slack for it. With all of these problems, a dual branding in China did not seem as seamless as it was in Canada (Ivey, 2006). Conclusion It is understandable why Best Buy would want to go global to maximize its profit and consumer base all over. Though things seemed to work out in Canada, it would prove to be a much tougher hill to climb in China just based off the consumers alone and the way things are done there and simply the way of life. It will be interesting to see if the places like Turkey and Mexico, other potential targets will have the same success rate as Canada, and not resemble China’s issues.

Ethnic group Essay Example for Free

Ethnic group Essay In this section, we will discuss race, ethnicity, and multiculturalism and how they are depicted in the show. These concepts are somehow illustrated in this television series. Race, in the American society, has been typified by black skin color. The unique cultural traits and the sense of community African-Americans share reflect their ethnicity. On the other hand, Kady, the youngest child in the Kyle family, represents multiculturalism through her knowledge of multiple languages. The following section will define, operationalize, and describe these concepts and how they are evident in the show. Race is a category of people used to differentiate people in terms of physical appearance, particularly skin color. People who have the same physical characteristics are from the same race. The concept that is used to operationalize race is skin color. In this show, the dominant race is â€Å"black† but there are a few characters that are â€Å"white. † People who have a dark skin color are considered non-Caucasians. In this series, the racial minority is the Caucasian because the non-Caucasians are the dominant group that makes up most of the characters. Therefore, race is largely unmentioned during the show because most of the characters are from the same race. However, there is one episode in season two where there was an argument between two different races, the Caucasians and the non-Caucasian. At the beginning of this episode, Michael is forced to take his family out for a meal. He is annoyed when he realized that the restaurant is expensive and the service isn’t good enough. Michael’s evening worsens as he gets to sit next to Stuart Tyler’s family, a guy whom he got angry at in the gas station for taking to long to gas up his tank. A few minutes later, Stuart starts insulting Michael’s kids, citing their smell, while Michael insults Stuart’s kids by telling Stuart that â€Å"they look like squirrels. † Afterwards, Michael apologizes to Stuart but seconds later they argue again on who’s the bigger man. They make amends again but then argue cause Stuart held Michael’s lobster without washing his hands after urinating. When they starting singing â€Å"Happy Birthday† for Stuart’s wife, Stuart interrupts in the middle and is irritated by the fact that Michael isn’t singing. The arguing just keeps going and going and things never got any better. They leave the restaurant at odds with one another. Michael and Stuart’s altercation evidenced friction between Caucasian and non-Caucasians but apart from this episode, race is not a point of reference throughout the scope of the show. Consequently, race is insignificant in this show and is proven to be unimportant within the Kyle family. An ethnic group is a group of people who have common national or cultural characteristics. An ethnic group has five main characteristics: (1) unique cultural traits such as language, clothing, holiday, or religious practices; (2) a sense of community; (3) a feeling of ethnocentrism; (4) ascribed membership from birth; and (5) tendency to occupy a distinct geographic area (Caron 269). The social structures ethnicity groups strengthen social solidarity. Social structures are the stable pattern of social relationships that exist within a group or society (Soci1002E, Lect. 5, 2012). The main ethnic group in the show is the African-Americans. The unique cultural traits and the sense of belonging is what will be used to operationalize ethnicity. The sense of belonging within the African-Americans in the show is what empowers this ethnic group. A social structure is the stable pattern of social relationships that exists within a particular group or society (Soci 1002E, Lecture 6, 2012). The African-Americans in the show share the same language, and a sense of belonging. The language that the African-Americans use is English as it is their first language in their country and state. Michael’s youngest daughter is learning Spanish and Swahili but her mother tongue is English. Throughout the show, the Kyle family develops relationships with other African-Americans individuals. Michael married an African-American woman. Junior impregnated an African-American woman; Vanessa. Claire and Kady retain African-American boyfriends. Also, Junior has many African-Americans friends. All these relationships prove that the African-American community shares a sense of belonging. The language and the sense of community is what make the African-Americans a powerful ethnic group in the show. Multiculturalism is a philosophy that respects ethnic diversity within a community that encourages people to learn about other cultures. A multicultural person acknowledges and accepts diverse cultures other than his or her own and tries to learn from them. The way this concept is measured is by understanding and learning other cultures, especially through its’ language. Kady Kyle, Michael’s youngest child, is the precocious one out of Michael’s sons and daughters. She is referred to as â€Å"the cute one† because she is the youngest one in the family. â€Å"The cute one† strongly supports the idea of multiculturalism through her musical talent. In the Episode †Making the Grade†, the Kyle family are sitting at a table while Michael Kylie checks out his sons’ report card. After they are done celebrating Claire’s outstanding report card, Michael calls on Kady to come and sit on his lap. Kady innocently says, â€Å"I don’t have a report card. † â€Å"Yes, but you do go to school, right? You go to music class. How are you doing there? † replies her father. â€Å"Well, I learned a new song called Itsy Bitsy Spider† she answered. Her father then claims that he never heard this song before and asks her to sing it for him. She starts singing the song until he father interrupts her and tells her to sing the song in Spanish. So she starts singing in Spanish until her father tell hers to sing it in Swahili, a language spoken by several countries in East Africa. Kady is learning about other cultures through their language at a very young age. She is willing to learn more about other languages and is doing so through an artistic way. She found an interesting way to connect music and culture together which is very smart for someone her age. By choosing this concept, we concentrated on the cultural diversity aspect of the television show. This scene allowed us to demonstrate my knowledge in understanding the sociological concept, multiculturalism. The scene depicts a multicultural young girl who is eager to discover other cultures, especially its’ language. To conclude, these three concepts are demonstrated in a way or the other. After operationalizing, analyzing these sociological concepts, and applying them in My Wife and Kids, we discovered that ethnicity and multiculturalism are clearly portrayed, while race isn’t really significant in the show. Race isn’t really depicted in the show but the constant disagreement between Michael and Stuart reveals a slight conflict between the non-Caucasians and the Caucasians. The African-Americans have proven that they are a strong ethnic group through their culture and sense of community. In the show, they all speak the same language and have several relationships between each other. Kady Kyle’s comprehension of other cultures is what ascertains that multiculturalism is evident in the show.

Dichotomy of Good and Evil in Beowulf

Dichotomy of Good and Evil in Beowulf Beowulf: Good versus Evil The heroic poem, Beowulf, is a combination of society’s views and religious ideals and concepts of the Anglo-Saxon period, although some of the poem today may appear different compared to the original text prior to translation. The central conflict of good versus evil in Beowulf may have been altered to fit the Christian beliefs of the time. â€Å"Beowulf is considered the oldest of the great long poems written in English, may have been composed more than twelve hundreds years ago, in the first half of the eighth century, although some scholars would place it as late as the tenth century† (Greenblatt, 2012, p. 36). Being one of the oldest verbal and written poems has caused the original meaning and writing to change over the years. Yet, the central themes of good versus evil and the religious undertones could have been an adaptation to the world that was dominated by the Christian believers. The central focus between good versus evil is represented within the combination of pagan and Christian allegories that provides readers with an insight not only what society found acceptable, but the religious convictions of the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages, the church was a major power house and influencing many scholars to adapt pagan heroes into a more acceptable Christian faith hero. It would have been unacceptable for a pagan hero to triumphant over the forces of evil, while proclaiming only one religious belief to be correct. According to Stevick (1963), in order to honor God and the Christian beliefs of the time, the transcriber may have chosen to adapt the pagan references to Christianity in order to make the poem relatable to the Christian believers (p. 80). As readers enter the world of Beowulf, they are giving a glimpse of the social conflict during the Middle Ages. This conflict in expressed through the religious views of a pagan society adapting to a new religion with the mention of One God versus the several Deities normally followed in pre-Anglo-Saxon culture. When Beowulf is considered a Christian story, the strong allegories may be found within the characters of Beowulf and Grendel. Beowulf, the Geat warrior, could be a reference to Jesus in the Christian faith. Jesus had traveled to Israel to save them from their sinful ways, Beowulf comes to the Danes â€Å"to perform to the uttermost what your people wanted or perish in the attempt, in the fiend’s clutches† (Greenblatt, 2012, p. 54, line 634-636). Although the image of Jesus is widely known as a humble man, Beowulf appears to be boastful about his feats. The commonality between the two individuals is clear when referencing the Christian faith. Jesus and Beowulf both fight an evil that is determined too great for the likes of normal humanity. Each are willing to sacrifice their lives in order to being salvation to people whom they feel are worthy of the action. Each are faced with a trail of the battle without seeking guidance from God, but rather put their faith in the protection and safety that God has shown them. The most interesting is the lack of reference to Jesus within the tale. According to Blackburn (1897), Beowulf is seen as a representation to the Christian Savior within the poem, even though Beowulf contains no references to him, â€Å"to the cross, to the virgin or the saints, to any doctrine of the church in regard to the trinity, the atonement, etc., or to the scriptures, to prophecy, or to the miracles† (p. 216). Readers are presented with a plot that focuses on Scandinavian culture, however much of the poet’s narrative interference reveals that the poet’s culture is silently different from that of his ancestors and that of his character’s as well. For example, Beowulf lives by the heroic code of honor that is often defined as a relic of pre-Anglo-Saxon culture. Some principles seen within the text, â€Å"Beowulf, son of Ecgtheow, spoke: Wise sir, do no grieve. It is always better to avenger dear ones than to indulge in mourning. For every one of us, living in this world means waiting for our end. Let whoever can win glory before death. When a warrior is gone, that will be his best and only bulwark† (Greenblatt, 2012, p.72, line 1383-1389). The concept of eye for an eye, death for death was met with same justification during this time period. Yet, in some ways it remembers the First Testament of the Bible when eye for eye was the manner of payment injustices. Grendel represents the evils of the world as a whole, although some may see it as the Satan confronting Jesus in his three trails of faith. According to Greenblatt (2012), â€Å"the poem turns on Beowulf’s three great fights against preternatural evil, which inhabits the dangerous and demonic space surrounding human society,† which would be another reference to the Christian allegory reference. (p. 38-39). Grendel is one of three manifestations of evil and the first for Beowulf to face. Grendel’s first attack of evil is on the order of the Danes and wreaking havoc on the people. His evil appears to seek the destruction of the Danish society from the top down, leaving the community without leadership and protection against the evils that may surround them. In this approach, Grendel would be an allegory for the minion demons that cause destruction to order and civil society with wholesome values. While good versus evil is a common theme seen in multiple of folklores prior to Christianity can be seen, the Christianization of the Anglo-Saxon society has influenced the transcriber to relate the story to a boarder Christian audience. According to Stevick (1963), when passages use references to pagan traditions and then mention a Christian reference or lack Christian elements, â€Å"into which at one point a Christian explanation is added in anticipation of a subsequent Christianized account of the fight and explanation of its outcome, and because the poet was attempting to produce a major, written poem about Beowulf that avoided inconsistency in Christianized and non-Christian matter with which he was working† (p. 84). The information and facts that point to a transcriber who found in somewhat necessary to conform the Germanic hero tale into something about the Christian society in which the poem may have originated, and something about the society in which the Christian w riter lives within. The original tale informs readers that the society that the poem may have been written in valued great acts of courage and strength. It would be a society that relished in the tales of great conquests and hardships as a pastime entertainment. However, this would have been different from the time of the poem was transcribed; the rewrite would have been influenced by the power of the Church. All the honor and prestige would have been given to God for blessing them with extraordinary men granting who were favored by God. Success with battles was no longer considered the achievement of the individual’s strength, but by the will of God. It was no longer acceptable to praise or boast about the achievements over a good meal, but rather to be thankful and put one’s faith into God for providing victory over evil. According to Stevick (1963), Beowulf belongs to a more Christianized Anglo-Saxon society and the oral materials existed prior to the conversion of the British kingdom. While oral tradition may have continued with the pagan beliefs still attached, the written version was adapted to include the Christian beliefs. While there is no actual reference to Jesus within the tale, the references to God and contributin g the success to him allowed the stale to be acceptable in a Christian society during the Middle Ages. While the central conflict of Beowulf is good and evil, the rewritten tale removes many elements referencing the pagan beliefs and converting them into the Christian concept of God winning over horrors of evil. This coincides with the conversion of Druid and pagan beliefs into the new belief of Christianity. The church would find ways to convert pagans and druids into accepting the new faith by combining pagan traditions, folklore and references with Christian beliefs. Beowulf appears to be just another victim of Christianity overtaking an existing culture and finding ways to find it acceptable for their beliefs. References Blackburn, F. A. (1897). The Christian Coloring in the Beowulf. PMLA, (2). 205. Retrieved on June 7, 2015 from http://www.jstor.org.proxy- library.ashford.edu/stable/456133?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Greenblatt, S., et al. (Eds.) (2012). The Norton anthology of English literature (9th ed., Vol.1). New York, NY: W. W. Norton Company, Inc. Stevick, R. D. (1963). Christian Elements and the Genesis of Beowulf. Modern Philology, (2). 79. Retrieved on June 7, 2015 from http://www.jstor.org.proxy- library.ashford.edu/stable/435497?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Essay --

Can stem cells heal a broken heart? Aaron Cathcart of Franklinton, Louisiana suffered from congestive heart failure. His doctors had only given him a week to live because of the severity of his disease. Cathcart was accepted into an experimental stem cell trial program, where a sample of his bone marrow was taken and grown in a lab a few weeks before his open heart surgery. The cells were then multiplied in an incubator and then during his surgery, were injected into his heart. In the months to follow, Cathcart’s recovery was very remarkable and his repaired heart was almost as strong as a normal heart. His wife, Betty, was overjoyed that the trial gave her husband a longer life to live with her â€Å"Is stem cell research necessary?†. Stem cells are a treatment option that needs to be taken advantage of because it can be used to help cure anything from diabetes to heart disease and due to unethical reasons, is under researched and labeled as unnecessary. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can â€Å"develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth† (nih.go...

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â€Å"She reached out and touched him on the shoulder. The Misfit sprang back as if a snake had bitten him and shot her three times through the chest.† Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is the story of a family’s vacation tragically ended by a murderer who is simply called â€Å"The Misfit† and his two accomplishes. After an intrusive grandmother who tries to insist that the family go to Tennessee instead of Florida, it was in fact through her persistence that prompted the family to stray away from the main path in search of some fictionalized, lost treasure after she tells a made-up story to keep the children entertained. This deadly decision caused the family to fall prey to the Misfit. Implied to the reader at the beginning of the story is that during their trip to Florida, the family is destined to cross paths with the Misfit and his gang. For example, â€Å"Here this fellow that calls himself The Misfit is aloose from the Federal Pen and headed toward Florida and you read here what it says he did to these people. Just you read it.† Through O’Connor’s use of characterization, symbolism and also the theme that â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find†, O’Connor’s point that society’s morals and faith has disintegrated is sent. O’Connor’s use of characterization shows the disintegration of respect and discipline in American society. From past generations to the latest generations, this message can be understood. Grandma represents the past including her robust â€Å"Southern Hospitality† heritage. For instance, â€Å"The old lady settled herself comfortably, removing her white cotton gloves and putting them up with her purse on the shelf in front of the back window. Her collar and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her n... ...ithin the finale the theme carries thereon even â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find† in Jesus Christ as a result of the Misfit’s unworthy comparison of himself with Jesus Christ caused the killing rampage. The grandmother’s false hope in Jesus Christ appeared to crumble once He failed to â€Å"save her† once more, so showing in a very spiritual sense that â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find.† Flannery O’Connor brings to the reader through characterization and theme that modern day society is drastically ever-changing for the more severe. The characters support this in realistic and plausible ways. The daily headlines shout out on a daily basis the violence and crime that's occurring in our society. In my opinion, O’Connor taps into the topic of faith and if everybody would realize Jesus Christ, the culture’s morals, values, respect and humanity may once more become intact.

The Importance Of Literacy :: Literacy Essays

Rita Mae Brown describes literacy as, "a social contract, an agreed upon representation of certain symbols" (420). If the symbol's (letters) meanings are not agreed upon by those attempting to communicate, then interpreting one another becomes difficult. Simply stated, literacy is very important. Society has proven time and time again, it will reward those individuals who are competent and impede those who are not, whether expressed in terms of employment opportunities (job success) or just on a social level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One need look no further than their everyday activities in order to realize how important literary skills are. Without adequate literary skills one may not be able to identify on a label the correct amount of medicine to give a child, or read and interpret a sign giving instructions on what to do in case of a fire. These two examples bring perspective to literacy's importance. Nevertheless, recent surveys have indicated that, "4.5 million Canadians, representing 24 percent of the eighteen-and-over group, can be considered illiterate" ("Adult Illiteracy" 5). Illiteracy is truly a problem within Canada. Although many groups are working to render the problem of illiteracy, much work still lies ahead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As our society moves on into the next century literacy is proving vital to economic performance. Without basic literary skills in one's possession they will become lost in our rapidly changing society. The modern worker must be able to adapt to the changing job-scene. This often means gathering new skills and knowledge from printed material, whether instruction manuals, computer programs, or classroom training (text books). It is quite commonly the case that highly skilled jobs require a high level of literacy. Therefore, literary skill level is an important factor in predicting an individual's economic success. It will affect an individual's income, their employment stability and whether they even receive employment opportunities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Presently, our world revolves around literacy. Simply being literate allows one to continuously upgrade one's literary skills to a higher level. It allows one to stay informed of happenings in and around the world through mediums such as newspapers and magazines. Knowing current news about what is going on in this ever changing world of ours is the key to staying ahead. Another thought to ponder is this, we rely on those with high literacy levels to record and document findings and happenings for future generations to reflect on. These writings would most likely be dull and inaccurate or would not exist at all without our current levels of literacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When viewed from a social standpoint, literacy remains just as important as when viewed from the economic standpoint. Linda Macleod of the National Associations Active in Criminal Justice, points out that, "65 percent of people

Critically discuss the function of structure within the therapeutic relationship Essay

Extensive literature shows no significant differences in therapeutic outcomes between therapeutic approaches, but yet, these approaches differ to varying degrees in regards to values, techniques and emphasis on structure. This then poses an equivalence paradox with clearly non-equivalent techniques. The explanation for this commonality in therapeutic outcome between therapeutic approaches is the client-therapist relationship also known as the therapeutic alliance. The therapeutic alliance is a more encompassing term for the underlying interpersonal interactions and the collaborative nature of the partnership between a therapist and a client. Meta analytic research studies show that the therapeutic relationship counts for . 21 in effect size, while in combinations with technical focus, the effect size is . 76. While not equally as effective as technique alone with an effect size of . 55, it is significant in its contributions to therapeutic outcome and has been worth the focus on how it develops over time and the subsequent development of a generic structure to establish and maintain across all theoretical approaches. This essay will aim to explore this partnership and the necessary steps or requirements on the part of the therapist in order to establish it and the ways client preferences and goals are incorporated into treatment, in other words, structure required for the establishment and maintenance of the relationship as there is research evidence to support the establishment of this alliance early for stronger therapeutic outcome. Generally, work with clients usually have a preparatory phase: a first phone call perhaps, and introduction on both parts to the tasks and goals ahead. A beginning phase that involves the face-to-face meet up, initial greeting an outline of the therapist’s agenda, contracting, negotiating and setting and summary of goals. A middle phase: the therapist is concerned with facilitating learning and change congruent with therapeutic goals and assumptions about change. The ending phase also involves process goals in order to seek resolution of client issues, consolidate learning and change and evaluate therapeutic outcome. There’s evidence to show that therapeutic alliance needs to be formed within the first three sessions for a good therapeutic outcome. Regardless of the therapeutic approach, there is evidence that certain generic skills are important and required for the establishment of a structure within therapeutic alliance. These generic skills include basic communication skills, but also more complex skills which the therapist needs. They can be learnt and practiced as techniques but the therapeutic use of them with the client depends not only on the communication skill but on the attitude and intention of the therapist, an inside energy of sorts, that comes from commitment to understand the person from their frame of reference and the therapists internal supervision, awareness and self-review. The following macro and micro skills ensure the therapist emphases the importance of inner work alongside their practice. 1) Making Psychological contact This is an intangible personal process that changes from moment to moment, a psychological exchange of energy between human beings. It is dependent on the skills, experience, attitudes and emotions that each brings to the situation and it presents itself on a spectrum. It ranges from clients who make no contact at all to those who invade the therapist’s personal space and on the other side, the therapist’s ability to make contact could be influenced by how they perceive new clients and other factors such as culture, class, race, gender, age and sexual orientation. The therapist’s experience of initial interpersonal contact can be developed by self-reflection. Impartial witnessing: The observation of inner processes without judgement. Awareness of how others experience the therapist’s psychological contact e. g. Is it warm or cool, intrusive or distant etc? And finally, skills of greeting appropriately and starting the interaction with particular adjustments made after attention is paid to and sensitivity of culture, age, gender etc. 2) Effecting Intake and Assessment In an interview or a formal assessment, specific skills are needed. They include: Asking for information: It is imperative that the client is made to understand the purpose of the questions and what will happen with the records. Purpose stating: What the therapist wants to happen and must happen. This helps to set the scene of openness to clients so that they know the therapist’s intentions or purpose and also to experience the therapist as congruent. Preference stating: What the therapist would like to happen  with an element of choice for the client. Knowing when to say â€Å"no† to a client and knowing how to communicate this congruently, respectfully and empathically. 3) Introducing tape recording This is something therapist’s approach with trepidation and technical skill and appropriate equipment is required to execute. The therapist requires confidence and conviction to obtain permission from the client and it needs to be part of the initial contract. 4) Contracting and clarifying therapy Negotiating a contract with a client requires particularly the multiple skills of active listening, paraphrasing, reflecting feelings, summarizing, asking questions, purpose and preference stating, a balance between assertion and flexibility. 5) Beginning to build a relationship The ability to communicate empathic understanding of the client, to show unconditional respect, and to be perceived as congruent, requires inner and outer, receptive and responding skills. The client needs to hear that the therapist understands him from his point of view, accepting and not judging him, and is openly present for him and genuine in the role. This openness conveyed by the therapist may vary with the orientation: Skills required to communicate this are: 1) Attention giving: The non-verbal show of accessibility, receptivity and presence which are all influenced by an inner attitude dependent on the awareness and sensitivity of the therapist. 2) Observing: Knowing what non-verbal and verbal cues to look out for. For example; posture, facial expression, tone and volume of voice, responsiveness etc. These clues are sought to begin to understand the client’s internal frame of reference. Also, the therapist needs to scan their own body for clues and observe how the client makes them feel. 3) Listening and Hearing. The former is merely the inner sensory activity that involves picking up sounds while the latter is the same inner sensory activity aligned with attention giving. When clients feel really listened to, they are encouraged to talk and reveal themselves. Accurate listening can help clients to increase self-awareness and reduce defensiveness and direct focus towards their own behaviour. It provides psychological space and support for client’s self-exploration. The use of a combination of the above skills to focus the therapist and client at appropriate points in the interaction. It can be used as a check for understanding, pulling together thoughts, bridge to help client move on, return to something significant and to structure the interaction if the therapist or the client is getting lost. 5) Responding or facilitating skills: Also known as active listening skills. These demonstrate and communicate empathy and acceptance and facilitate exploration. They are sometimes referred to as first level empathy, distinguishing them from deeper empathy. The latter is used when there is deeper understanding of the client’s inner world. Using advanced empathy too soon, exposes a risk of inaccuracy and poses too much of a challenge for the client. First level empathy consists of paraphrasing and reflecting feelings. Paraphrasing is picking up the meaning of the client’s words and having and extensive vocabulary to put it back to him reflecting accurately the feeling and meaning in a tentative way to check understanding. It is not parroting and using jargon or over technical terms. Done well, it enables clients to hear and understand themselves afresh. Reflecting feelings is identifying what the client is feeling often mainly from non-verbals like tone of voice, bodily expression and therapist’s own bodily resonance. Therapist’s need to be sensitive to different cultural subtleties as inaccurate reflections may neutralize the intensity of the client’s feelings. All these skills are the beginning blocks for building a relationship and for helping clients explore what they want from a therapist and therapy. In the main they are supportive skills. Skills which continue to build the relationship and develop the interaction will be considered next. These skills are challenging, both for the client and therapist. Development and maintenance of the therapeutic relationship: Moving the client forward As mentioned above, the skills discussed so far can be considered as supportive – helping clients feel safe enough to begin to explore themselves and their situation. To move on in the relationship and the interaction requires skills which will challenge the client to explore further – to gain new perspective and new frameworks and see the world in a different way. How the client will receive the challenge will depend on the relationship which has been built and how it is maintained and developed; all the supportive skills will still be needed, appropriately interspersed with the challenging ones. Inner skills: Challenging a client requires the inner skill of the therapist in examining their own feelings about challenging others. The therapist needs to know how comfortable they are with challenging a client. This skill is should be applied tentatively and timing is crucial. A therapist needs to be able to gauge implicitly and explicitly when and how to challenge a client and which of these interactions are based on theories of counselling and psychotherapy. This skill really requires an inner awareness and careful attention to personal development is required. This is where tape recording and supervision are important in the review and identifications of values, beliefs, thoughts, feelings and sensations guiding the choices made. Outer skills: Responsible challenging requires well-practised communication skills. Focusing. The therapist needs to help clients focus, if they are to move forward. Summarizing. As mentioned above, summarizing provides bridges, draws themes together and is used for keeping track. It is a useful skill that requires accurate listening, ability to filter relevant thoughts and feelings and ability to communicate them clearly. Both summarising and focusing provide challenge to clients Concrete examples. Sometimes it can be useful to ask clients for more specific thoughts, experiences and feelings. Communicating deeper empathy. The ability to pick up the real meaning behind the words, thoughts and feelings of the client which are buried, out of reach or implied and which may come to the therapist as a hunch. The skill is to put it into appropriate words when the timing is right. Challenging. Gently confronting clients to change their perspective, see a bigger picture, recognize strengths they are not using, note discrepancies between verbal and non-verbal behaviour or identify behaviour that is destructive to them and others. Self-disclosure. Here there are two types; the therapist disclosing past experience or the disclosure of thoughts and feelings about the client’s thoughts or experiences. There are advantages and disadvantages to this. Timing and discrimination of content disclosed is important. It could help as a model for the clients and help build the relationship or it may be perceived by the client as maladjustment and hence reduce confidence or the increased intimacy may be threatening to them. It is unhelpful at the beginning stages of therapy as the therapist should be concentrating on staying with the client’s experience. Disclosure needs a sufficiently secure relationship and should be used selectively at the later stages of therapy. Immediacy. Discussing directly and openly what is happening between therapist and client. It involves awareness of what’s going on inside the therapist and what is imagined as going on within the client and what is happening between the two. It is quite complex and challenging to do well, but when executed properly provides client with insight as to how their behaviours affect others. It involves competence in support skills as well as self-involving statements. It requires assertion and is very helpful to build or repair a therapeutic relationship, identify issues with class, age, gender, race, sexuality etc and in psychoanalysis and psychodynamic practice, identify transference and countertransference. All the skills so far require a lot of practice with feedback for development and lead to the final section. Monitoring self within the therapeutic process, evaluation and development of own work. This requires all the previous skills as well as the additional self-management skills which are: developing a caring acceptance of self, impartially witnessing of internal processes, identifying and using resources to meets learning, emotional, physical needs, ongoing identification and checking of belief and theories, planning ongoing training and personal development, reflecting, review of recordings and supervision, reviewing with clients and asking for feedback from clients Summary Both supporting and challenging skills, regardless of theoretical approach are necessary for the establishment of structure within a therapeutic relationship. This structure and framework is important in ensuring that therapists are mindful of what is required to provide a supportive base to establish trust and rapport and then in the later stages more challenging skill are utilized to provide the necessary challenge that is required to guide clients into awareness and positive change. Another possibly useful generic skill would be a termination skill to help the therapist during the end phases of therapy help the client consolidate learning and evaluate outcome and prepare for possible relapse prevention and management and finally, client autonomy. Theoretical considerations There is no denying that the generic skills discussed above have built around and extended from the conditions identified by Carl Rogers in person centred therapy, to reiterate, they would be the maintenance of an attitude of acceptance or unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding, as well as personal congruence or integration. Being a non-directive therapeutic approach that typically places emphasis on the above, supportive skills would be utilized mainly. Challenge skills, less so, but on occasion, as onus is placed on the client directing the therapy. Cognitive behaviour therapy utilizes an active-directive collaborative style. In its very nature, it is quite structured. In reductionist terms, it occurs in the following four stages: the assessment, cognitive, behavioural and learning stages. The therapeutic alliance needs to occur in the assessment stage, usually in the first session because quite rapidly after, from the cognitive stage, negative automatic thoughts are identified and challenged. This means, supportive skills and challenge skills are introduced quite rapidly and interwoven up till the learning stage and termination. In Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches, a distinction is made between the real relationship, transference and counter transference and a working alliance. The real relationship would be akin to the therapeutic relationship as defined earlier and would only be encountered after transference and counter transference because they are considered to be more of a contamination to the real relationship and would need to be worked through and resolved. Meaning the therapist would take a more reticent stance, utilizing mostly support skills initially and challenge skills only during the working alliance, (the alignment of the client’s reasonable self or ego and the therapist’s analysing self or ego for the purpose of therapy) towards the later stages of therapy where interpretation of unconscious conflicts, defence mechanisms and resistances take place. Other considerations Having a framework is important in the development and establishment of rapport and therapeutic alliance but there are salient points to factor in. The therapist needs to have a level of awareness of the similarities and differences between them and their prospective clients to avoid the traps of varying degrees of gender inequality, ageism, disability and social class discrimination, homophobia and other sexual orientation based discrimination, religion, spiritual, agnostic and atheist discrimination, and also, racial, cultural and ethnical discrimination. Regardless of how well a therapist conceptualizes how to establish therapeutic alliance, lack of knowledge and experience on these socio economic and socio cultural factors could prove counterproductive.

With whom does responsibility for the Holocaust ultimately lie?

The Holocaust was a shameful display of the exploitation of power to cause great pain and suffering to many. An operation of that magnitude could not have been controlled and implemented by one individual. There are many parties which were involved with Germany and need to be considered when determining where ultimate responsibility lies. Hitler did as early as 1935 make his feelings about the Jewish race clear by making his anti-Semitism public policy in the Nuremburg Race laws. But aside from in â€Å"Mein Kampf†, Hitler made little indication until the last minute that he had given approval for the extermination program, ( even Mein Kampf is not that reliable, because it was written by a young man imprisoned for his beliefs, and he was bound to exaggerate to get his message across and to raise sales profits ). He seems to have kept out of the actual planning and implementation of the killing process, leaving that in the more than capable hands of the Nazi officials, including Himmler, Frank and Heydrich. Many of the ideas such as Ghettos and mass transportation were left under their control, for them to act on their own innitiative. Although he was seen by the public as heavily involved with politics and decision making for Germany, it has since been revealed that Hitler spent a large part of his day relaxing at home, and was often happy to sign papers after only a brief glance. After the virulence shown in â€Å"Operation Barbarossa† towards the Russian Jews, Hitler in speeches tried to convince the public that a good solution had been found to ‘the jewish problem' and should be continued throughout the rest of Europe, hiding the intensity of the mass genocide going on in the country next door to them. He also reffered to the transits as ‘resettlements' for â€Å"appropriate labour duties†, which made the program seem more civilised. Amongst the Nazi leaders, talk was rarely directly about the actual business of the â€Å"final solution† agenda, reffering as Hitler did to program as of â€Å"legalised removal† and â€Å"resettlement†. But it was reported at the trial of Eichmann in 1960 that within private meetings the â€Å"talk was of killing, elimination and liquidation†. Obviously the top officials like Himmler and Heydrich didn't want to give the public the impression that they were intently malicious, but it is clear that they did not have reservations about ordering the police, Wehrmacht and S. S. to carry out there instructions. Himmler was able to directly comit the 800 000 strong S. S. to the tasks of operating the death camps, and so needed no other authority. Most of them believed that they were just doing their duty for Germany and could contently do their tasks without moral objections. Other leaders like Goebbels were passionately anti-semitic and outright about it, but Goebbels with all of his propaganda experience probably conveyed it tactfully. At the Nuremburg trials, many leaders tried to claim ignorance of the program however preposterous that may seem after looking at the evidence, but there is little actual proof of their actions, so there is not much firm indication to support the claims of their responsibility. The earlier T-4 ( euthanasia program ) had been in effect a development program for the search for efficient means of large and refined killings. Some officials such as Bouhler and Brack had been largely involved with T-4 and were able to pass on their extensive knowledge, and implement it in death camps like Treblinka and Belzec. T-4 also demonstrated that mass killings could be carried out by ordinary individuals without hesitation. Having said this, it would be eminently hard to prove that anyone involved with T-4 could have known that their methods would be used to wipeout a race, a process significantly larger and more important (to them) than what they were originally doing. The German army and police were undoubtedly involved to some extent in the program because of the logistics of the operation, but it would be unfair to try to blame them entirely for what they were doing. Some tried to keep a clear conscience by thinking of their victims as â€Å"not men but monkeys in human form†. But on the whole they were just following their orders and doing their jobs. A lot of the German people had, before Hitler came to power in 1933, been Anti-Semitic in varying degrees. Hitler only had to play on their feelings, making his policies reflect what the people wanted to hear. High ranking people, in the civil service, Army and churches, were among the Anti-Semitic thinkers. Prostestants in Germany had for a long time been Anti-Semitic since the time of Martin Luther and the Reformation in Europe. Some policies were frowned upon and met limited opposition, the Catholic church against euthanasia for example, but the actual ‘Holocaust' was affected very little by public protest. The public were often made aware of what was happening to the Jews by allied radio broadcasts, leaflet drops and stories brought home by soldiers who had been on the Russian front. But to many these were just rumours and not taken seriously. Everyone involved with the holocaust was each partly to blame. Hitler was the driving force behind most Nazi policies, but not many were his own. He was blamed by the German people, to forget their own responsibility. Himmler and Heydrich came up with and implemented many plans themselves, and were valuable to Hitler to keep his regime going. There was not enough opposition to earlier programs such as T-4 to stem the violence then, and it spiralled out of control. General public opinion, and even whole national organisations opinions, were too well established in their dislike of Jews to be changed even by mass violence. If it had been changed against Hitler's regime, there would not have been sufficient power to do what the regime achieved.